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Homemr. Mac's Virtual Existence

Somerville et al. Report that the transcription factor TP63 is a master regulator of squamous-subtype pancreatic cancer as it reprograms the enhancer landscape to drive squamous transdifferentiation, promoting invasion, migration, in vivo tumor growth, and poor prognosis. With Massachusetts restaurants banned from allowing diners to eat inside their establishments since the governor’s order on March 15th, we thought we’d check in with local owners to see how they’re doing with special Zoom editions of Back of the House. Harry Cheema, franchise owner of Mr. Mac's in Westford, takes us to the back of the house to show us how he is keeping the public,. Fasolino and Goldman et al. Generate high-resolution maps of linear and 3D genome organization in thymocytes of NOD mice, a model of type 1 diabetes, and reveal that diabetes risk-conferring loci coalesce enhancers and promoters of genes associated with T cell function, altering gene expression. Thus, genetic variation leads to altered chromatin architecture that may underlie autoimmune.

Windows, macOS – which one do you want to use today? On a traditional setup, you’re stuck with one or the other. But with virtual box, you actually have macOS on a Windows PC.

It’s the freedom that computer users have enjoyed with Linux and other operating systems.

But Apple has made it difficult to install their operating system on anything other than their own hardware. All of that is changing, and Virtual Box is responsible for it and the rise of the Hackintosh.

New to hackintosh? Learn more about it in our what is hackintosh? overview.

Note: A lot of people will be able to get a mac virtual machine one Windows running smoothly, but sound doesn’t seem to work well. That’s really not an issue because you’ll still be able to access all of your apps and software.

I also recommend that you have access to a real Mac. You might be able to find some distributions of the High Sierra ISO online, but there is always a risk when downloading from an unofficial source. Instead, borrow a Mac from a friend, or use your own and download the High Sierra OS from the App Store.

Check out our high sierra installation guide for hackintosh

Everything You Need to Get Started with Installing macOS on VirtualBox

Before we go through the steps on how to install macOS on Virtual Box, let’s get everything together that you’ll need to get started.

  1. Open up your Mac
  2. Go to the App Store
  3. Type in “High Sierra”

You’ll want to search for your desired operating system (we’ll be using High Sierra), and Download it.

Note: You’ll need a decent computer to be able to run Virtual Box. Your computer will need to meet these minimum requirements:

  • Dual core processor
  • 4GB Ram or higher
  • 64-bit

If your computer doesn’t meet these requirements, you won’t be able to run macOS properly. You’ll be able to download VirtualBox from the official website. I’m not going to go through the installation process, as the website will have all of the information you need to be able to install VirtualBox.

I do recommend that you read all of the documentation and ask any questions that you have in the community section of the website.

VirtualBox 6.0 was just released, so it’s definitely a great time to get started with your own macOS.

Extract macOS Sierra

Make sure you’ve downloaded High Sierra, and then you’ll want to run a few commands from your terminal . You’ll be able to open the terminal at: Applications > Utilities > Terminal. Once inside of the terminal, you’ll want to run the following commands:

Go to your desktop and rename the file, removing the “.cdr” extension. You need this extension to read “.iso” for it to work properly.

You’ve successfully created your own ISO file so that you can bootup your macOS.

Existence

The next step is to copy the file over to your Windows machine (using a large USB drive seems to work best). This file will be mounted in your virtual machine later on in the article, so it’s very important that this step is completed successfully.

Creating a mac Virtual Machine on Windows

You’ll want to create a virtual machine, and this is really easy. You’ll open up VirtualBox and click New. You’ll want to have the following parameters selected or entered before clicking Next.

  • Name: High Sierra
  • Type: Mac OS X
  • Version: Mac OS X (64-bit)
Homemr. Mac

Pay attention when selecting the version because you may find that High Sierra is offered as a version when you go to install it. But if it’s not, you can just choose the settings I listed above and they should work fine.

You’ll then be proceeding through all of the settings.

When you come up to the RAM setting, you’ll want to be generous. VirtualBox requires a minimum of 4GB or RAM to run, but the more the better.

Why?

You’ll want to provide at least 4GB to your macOS, or 4096MB to be precise. A general rule of thumb is that if you can spare it, supply more RAM to your virtual machine. RAM will allow the operating system to put more information into memory and retrieve it faster.

For better overall performance, supply as much RAM as you can.

Virtual

The next steps are also important, and they’ll include:

  • Hard Disk: Choose the “Create a virtual hard disk now” setting.
    • Choose VDI when choosing the hard disk type.
    • Choose Fixed Size instead of Dynamic for added speed.
    • Set the size of the drive to at least 25GB.

You’ll now have your virtual machine using the RAM and disk space properly, and you’ll have to work your way through a few screen prompts before having everything setup properly.

Configuring Your VirtualBox to Run macOS High Sierra

We’ve made a lot of progress so far, and now it’s time to configure your virtual machine properly. You’ll see in the main window of VirtualBox that “High Sierra” is listed. Click on this and then click on the “Settings” button.

You’ll want to go to “System” and make sure that the following are unchecked on the Motherboard tab:

  • Floppy
  • Network

Click on the Processor tab and make sure that you have 2 or more CPUs set for your virtual machine.

The next few settings are rather simple:

  • Display: Video Memory with a minimum of 128MB
  • Storage: Click “Empty” and then click on the CD at the top right. Choose your High Sierra ISO file

Now you’ll need to click “Ok,” and save all of the changes you’ve made. Close out your VirtualBox now.

Apple is very strict on the system that their operating system runs on, so it’s very important that you do your best to configure your virtual machine in such a way that it tricks the installer to thinking you’re on a retail machine.

We’ll now be going into the Windowscommand prompt.

You’ll do this by:

  • Clicking the Start Menu
  • Typing “Command Prompt”
  • Right-clicking on the Command Prompt desktop app
  • Choosing Run as administrator

It’s very important to follow all of the following command prompts exactly. Your goal is to run each command, one by one, hitting the Enter button and waiting for the command to complete successfully.

Remember that VirtualBox needs to be closed before running these commands, or it won’t work properly.

You have to make sure that the virtual machine is properly named “High Sierra” for this method to work. If not, you’ll be able to go back and make changes to the name to get everything to work properly.

Once all of the commands are completed, and there are no errors, you’ll then be able to open up your VirtualBox and get macOS High Sierra installed properly on VirtualBox.

It’s a long process, but we’re almost done with your installation.

Running VirtualBox and the macOS Installer

Homemr. Mac's Virtual Existence Virtual Reality

You’ve almost learned how to install macOS on VirtualBox entirely, and we’re on the home stretch. You’ll want to open up your VirtualBox and then click on your virtual machine that you set up earlier.

Now, click “Start.”

There will be a lot of information displayed on the screen as everything starts running. I recommend stepping away from the machine and letting it run for a few minutes before coming back. Some errors can hang for 5 minutes or longer.

Homemr. Mac's Virtual Existence Reality

If you’ve done everything properly, you can be confident that the installer will boot properly.

You’ll eventually be presented with the option to pick a Language. If you’ve reached this point, you’re doing very well and are almost ready to run your macOS.

Homemr. Mac's Virtual Existence Software

The next steps can be followed:

  • Choose your desired language, and click
  • Click “Disk Utility” and then
  • Click “View” and then “Show All Devices.”
  • Click on your empty virtual drive that has been setup and click “Erase.”
  • Choose the following settings:
    • Name: Macintosh HD
    • Format: Mac OS Extended (Journaled)
    • Scheme: GUID Partition Map
  • Click “Erase” and close Disk Utility when the process is complete.
  • Click “Reinstall macOS.”
  • Click “Continue.”

You’ll come up to one point where you’ll be asked to choose a hard drive, and you’ll want to select the Macintosh HD partition that you just created with the Disk Utility.

We’ve successfully copied all of the files on the virtual machine, but we’re not done just yet.

Exit your virtual machine and then go back to your virtual machine’s settings. You’ll need to change up your Storage settings. Click on your ISO for High Sierra in the “Storage Tree.” You’ll click that CD icon just like we did earlier and then choose “Remove Disk from Virtual Disk.”

You need to do this to unlink the ISO from your virtual machine.

Start up your virtual machine and you should come across a black screen with the EFI Internal Shell. You’ll want to look for FS1. If this is listed in yellow, click on the virtual machine and then type fs1: and hit the Enter button.

You should be in the fs1 directory.

Type in the following commands:

  1. cd “macOS Install Data”
  2. cd “Locked Files”
  3. cd “Boot Files”
Homemr. mac

Now we’ll run the installer by running: boot.efi and hitting enter.

If everything goes well, you’ll come across a graphical installer and will just have to work through the prompts. The virtual machine will reboot eventually and then you’ll need to go through the settings and the rest of the setup process.

Soon enough, you’ll be right inside of macOS, where you’ll be able to start using your mac virtual machine on Windows.

Having a virtualbox mac OS is the easiest method of using mac as and when you need it. In addition, using virtualbox is far less complicated than the dual boot hackintosh method we have looked at previously.

IB Environmental Systems and Societies‎ > ‎Topic 2: Ecosystems & Ecology (25 hours)‎ > ‎

2.2 Communities & Ecosystems

2.1 Species & Populations
  • The interactions of species with their environment result in energy and nutrient flows.
  • Photosynthesis and respiration play a significant role in the flow of energy in communities.
  • The feeding relationship of species in a system can be modeled using food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids.
  1. A community is a group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat.
    An ecosystem is a community and the physical environment with which it interacts.
  2. Respiration and photosynthesis can be described as processes with inputs, outputs and transformations of energy and matter.
  3. Respiration is the conversion of organic matter into carbon dioxide and water in all living organisms, releasing energy. Aerobic respiration can be represented by the following word equation.glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
  4. During respiration, large amounts of energy are dissipated as heat, increasing the entropy in the ecosystem while enabling organisms to maintain relatively low entropy and so high organization.
  5. Producers in most ecosystems convert light energy into chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.
  6. The photosynthesis reaction can be represented by the following word equation.carbon dioxide + water + energy -> glucose + oxygen
  7. Photosynthesis produces the raw material for producing biomass.
  8. The trophic level is the position that an organism occupies in a food chain, or the position of a group of organisms in a community that occupy the same position in food chains.
  9. Producers (autotrophs) are typically plants or algae that produce their own food using photosynthesis and form the first trophic level in a food chain. Exceptions include chemosynthetic organisms that produce food without sunlight.
  10. Feeding relationship involve producers, consumers and decomposers. These can be modeled using food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids.
  11. Ecological pyramids include pyramids of numbers, biomass and productivity and are quantitative models that are usually measured for a given area and time.
  12. In accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, there is a tendency for numbers and quantities of biomass and energy to decrease along food chains; therefore, the pyramids become narrower towards the apex.
  13. Bioaccumulation is the build-up of persistent or non-biodegradable pollutants within an organism or trophic level because they cannot be broken down.
  14. Biomagnification is the increase in concentration of persistent or non-biodegradable pollutants along a food chain.
  15. Toxins such as DDT and mercury accumulate along food chains due to the decrease of biomass and energy.
  16. Pyramids of numbers can sometimes display different patterns; for example, when individuals at lower trophic levels are relatively large (inverted pyramids).
  17. A pyramid of biomass represents the standing stock or storage of each trophic level, measured in units such as grams of biomass per square meter (g m-2) or Joules per square meter (J m-2) (units of biomass or energy).
  18. Pyramids of biomass can show greater quantities at higher trophic levels because they represent the biomass present at a fixed point in time, although seasonal variations may be marked.
  19. Pyramids of productivity refer to the flow of energy through a trophic level, indicating the rate at which that stock/storage is being generated.
  20. Pyramids of productivity for entire ecosystems over a year always show a decrease along the food chain.
Applications and Skills
  1. Construct models of feeding relationship - such as food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids - from given data.
  2. Explain the transfer and transformation of energy as it flows through an ecosystem.
  3. Analyze the efficiency of energy transfers through a system.
  4. Construct system diagrams representing photosynthesis and respiration.
  5. Explain the relevance of the laws of thermodynamics to the flow of energy through ecosystems.
  6. Explain the impact of a persistent or non-biodegradable pollutant in an ecosystem.
  1. The distinction between storages of energy illustrated by boxes in energy-flow diagrams (representing the various trophic levels), and the flows of energy or productivity often shown as arrows (sometimes of varying widths) needs to be emphasized.
  2. Details of chloroplasts, light-dependent and light=-independent reactions, mitochondria, carrier systems, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and specific intermediate biochemicals are not expected.
  3. Biomass, measured in units of mass (g m-2), should be distinguished from productivity, measured in units of flow (g m-2 yr-2or J m-2 yr-2).
  4. 'Pyramid of biomass' refers to a standing crop (a fixed point in time) and a 'pyramid of productivity' refers to the rate of flow of biomass or energy.
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Processes
    • Photosynthesis
      • Chemosynthesis
    • Respiration
      • Aerobic
      • Anaerobic
    • Transfer
    • Transformation
    • Input
    • Output
  • Energy
    • Entropy
  • Matter
  • Food chain/web
    • Trophic level
  • Autotroph
    • Producer
  • Heterotroph
    • Consumer
    • Decomposer
  • Ecological pyramid
    • Numbers
    • Biomass
    • Productivity
  • Bioaccumulation
  • Biomagnification
  • Pages 64-78
    • To do (p.66)
    • ToK (p.69
    • To do (p.69)
    • To do (p.70)
    • To do (p.71)
    • To do (p.74)
    • To think about (p.74-75)
    • To do (p.75)
    • Case Study (p.75)
    • To do (p.76)
    • To think about (p.77)
    • To do (p.78)
A detailed set of notes, created by Stephen Taylor, examining U1 - U8 and A1 - A4.
A series of questions, created by Stephen Taylor, to help check your understanding of the IB learning expectations. This is VERY GOOD practice.
Bioknowledgy Notes (Not available)
A detailed set of notes, created by Chris Paine, examining all of the IB learning expectations.
Bioknowledgy Study Questions (Not available)
A series of questions, created by Chris Paine, to help check your understanding of the IB learning expectations. This is VERY GOOD practice.
Learning Activities
This activity, prepared by McGraw-Hill, will help you better understand the relationships between organisms in a food chain and how pyramids of numbers and energy can help model a system (K&U8-12 and A&S1-3).
This activity, prepared by McGraw-Hill, will help you better understand the different types of organisms that live in different biomes around the world. The better your understanding of these organisms, the higher the score you'll be able to achieve.

This reading outlines the ecologic structure of food chains and how they transfer energy through a system. The reading finishes with a look at productivity which is part of 2.3 Energy and Matter.
Must Watch Videos

'2.2 Communities & Ecosystems' by NicheScience (6:24)

This video outlines concepts K&U 1-7 and A&S 4.

'Food chains and webs' by NicheScience (8:58)

This video outlines concepts K&U 8-10 and A&S 1-2.

'Ecological Pyramids' by NicheScience (12:30)

This video outlines K&U 11-20 and A&S 2-3, 5-6.